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120 Chapter 3
Basic Digital Operation
Using Waveform Clipping
Figure 3-12 Peak–to–Average Power
Spectral regrowth is a range of frequencies that develops on each side of the carrier (similar to
sidebands) and extends into the adjacent frequency bands (see Figure 3-13). Consequently, spectral
regrowth interferes with communication in the adjacent bands. Clipping can provide a solution to this
problem.
Figure 3-13 Spectral Regrowth Interfering with Adjacent Band
How Clipping Reduces Peak–to–Average Power
You can reduce peak–to–average power, and consequently spectral regrowth, by clipping the waveform
to a selected percentage of its peak power. The PSG vector signal generator provides two different
methods of clipping: circular and rectangular.
During circular clipping, clipping is applied to the combined I and Q waveform (|I + jQ|). Notice in
Figure 3-14 that the clipping level is constant for all phases of the vector representation and appears
as a circle. During rectangular clipping, clipping is applied to the I and Q waveforms separately (|I|,
|Q|). Notice in Figure 3- 15 on page 122 that the clipping level is different for I and Q; therefore, it
- Agilent Technologies 1
- E8257D/67D & E8663D 1
- PSG Signal Generators 1
- Contents 10
- Documentation Overview 13
- 1 Signal Generator Overview 15
- 2 Chapter 1 16
- Signal Generator Overview 16
- Chapter 1 3 17
- Signal Generator Overview 17
- Chapter 1 5 19
- Firmware Upgrades 20
- Modes of Operation 21
- Analog Modulation 22
- Digital Modulation 22
- Front Panel 23
- 8. Trigger 25
- 9. MENUS 25
- 10. Help 25
- 11. EXT 1 INPUT 25
- Chapter 1 13 27
- 14 Chapter 1 28
- 34. DATA CLOCK 29
- 35. DATA 29
- 36. Q Input 29
- 37. I Input 29
- 3. Annunciators 7. Text Area 30
- 1. Active Entry Area 31
- 2. Frequency Area 31
- 3. Annunciators 31
- Utility > Error Info 33
- Rear Panel 34
- Chapter 1 21 35
- 1. EVENT 1 38
- 2. EVENT 2 38
- 3. PATTERN TRIG IN 38
- 4. BURST GATE IN 38
- 5. AUXILIARY I/O 39
- 6. DIGITAL BUS 40
- 7. Q OUT 40
- 8. I OUT 40
- 9. WIDEBAND I INPUTS 40
- 10. I–bar OUT 40
- 11. WIDEBAND Q INPUTS 41
- 14. Q–bar OUT 41
- 15. AC Power Receptacle 42
- 16. GPIB 42
- 17. 10 MHz EFC 42
- 19. AUXILIARY INTERFACE 43
- 20. 10 MHz IN 43
- 30 Chapter 1 44
- 28. TRIGGER IN 45
- 29. SOURCE SETTLED 45
- 30. SOURCE MODULE INTERFACE 45
- 31. RF OUT 46
- 32. EXT 1 46
- 33. EXT 2 46
- Chapter 1 33 47
- 40. SYMBOL SYNC 48
- 41. Q IN 48
- 42. DATA 48
- 43. LF OUT 48
- Chapter 1 35 49
- 36 Chapter 1 50
- 2 Basic Operation 51
- Using Table Editors 52
- Table Ed it or Soft ke ys 53
- 40 Chapter 2 54
- Basic Operation 54
- Configuring the RF Output 56
- OFFS indicator 57
- Configuring a Swept RF Output 59
- 50 Chapter 2 64
- Chapter 2 53 67
- Basic Operation 67
- Chapter 2 57 71
- 58 Chapter 2 72
- Modulating a Signal 73
- Using Data Storage Functions 75
- Using Security Functions 79
- 66 Chapter 2 80
- Chapter 2 67 81
- 72 Chapter 2 86
- Using the Secure Display 87
- Enabling Options 88
- Using the Web Server 89
- 76 Chapter 2 90
- Chapter 2 77 91
- 78 Chapter 2 92
- 3 Basic Digital Operation 93
- 82 Chapter 3 96
- Chapter 3 85 99
- Dual ARB Player softkey 99
- Note: When the dual ARB 102
- Accessing the Dual ARB Player 105
- Creating Waveform Segments 106
- Playing a Waveform 108
- Editing a Waveform Sequence 108
- Using Waveform Markers 110
- Waveform Marker Concepts 111
- Chapter 3 99 113
- Basic Digital Operation 113
- Positive Polarity 113
- Accessing Marker Utilities 115
- Viewing a Marker Pulse 122
- Triggering Waveforms 125
- Mode and Response 126
- PAT TRIG IN 2 pin on 127
- PATTERN TRIG IN connector 127
- Using Gated Triggering 128
- Using Waveform Clipping 131
- 118 Chapter 3 132
- Basic Digital Operation 132
- Chapter 3 119 133
- 120 Chapter 3 134
- Chapter 3 121 135
- 122 Chapter 3 136
- Configuring Circular Clipping 137
- Using Waveform Scaling 139
- 126 Chapter 3 140
- 4 Optimizing Performance 143
- 10 kHz, or 100 kHz. 144
- +25 dBm 146
- Chapter 4 133 147
- Optimizing Performance 147
- 134 Chapter 4 148
- Optimizing Performance 148
- Chapter 4 135 149
- 140 Chapter 4 154
- Chapter 4 141 155
- 1EU, or 521 156
- Chapter 4 143 157
- 148 Chapter 4 162
- Chapter 4 149 163
- 150 Chapter 4 164
- 5 Analog Modulation 165
- Configuring AM (Option UNT) 166
- Configuring FM (Option UNT) 166
- Configuring M (Option UNT) 167
- To Activate M 168
- To Activate Pulse Modulation 168
- Custom Arb Waveform Generator 173
- Working with Filters 176
- Using a Predefined FIR Filter 177
- Chapter 6 167 181
- Mirror Table 181
- Working with Symbol Rates 183
- 170 Chapter 6 184
- Working with Modulation Types 185
- Symbol Data I Value Q Value 188
- 0 188
- 1 188
- 2 188
- 3 188
- Configuring Hardware 192
- Chapter 6 179 193
- RF On/Off 193
- 180 Chapter 6 194
- Custom Real Time I/Q Baseband 195
- Working with Data Patterns 196
- Working with Burst Shapes 201
- Working with Phase Polarity 206
- Chapter 7 193 207
- Chapter 7 195 209
- Using Differential Encoding 211
- 200 Chapter 7 214
- 8 GPS Modulation (Option 409) 215
- Real Time MSGPS 216
- Chapter 8 203 217
- Scenario Files 218
- RF Power Level Considerations 219
- 206 Chapter 8 220
- Chapter 8 207 221
- 208 Chapter 8 222
- GPS Ref (f0) 223
- GPS Ref (f0) softkey 223
- Real Time GPS 224
- Real Time GPS Introduction 225
- 212 Chapter 8 226
- 214 Chapter 8 228
- Chapter 8 215 229
- 216 Chapter 8 230
- 218 Chapter 8 232
- Testing Receiver Sensitivity 233
- GPS Modulation (Option 409) 234
- Multitone Waveform Generator 235
- To View a Multitone Waveform 237
- 230 Chapter 9 244
- Two–Tone Waveform Generator 245
- 232 Chapter 10 246
- Chapter 10 233 247
- Two–Tone Waveform Generator 247
- 11 AWGN Waveform Generator 251
- Real Time I/Q Baseband AWGN 252
- 12 Peripheral Devices 253
- LVDS 100 MHz 400 MHz 255
- 244 Chapter 12 258
- Peripheral Devices 258
- Internally Generated Clock 259
- Device (DUT) Supplied Clock 259
- 246 Chapter 12 260
- 1 Sample Period 261
- 4 Clocks Per Sample 262
- 2 Clocks Per Sample 262
- 1 Sample 265
- Frame Marker 265
- Data Bits 265
- Data Types 268
- 256 Chapter 12 270
- Logic Type softkey 270
- Accesses the data setup menu 272
- Clock Setup softkey 274
- Accesses the Clock Setup Menu 274
- 10 MHz and above 200 MHz 275
- Inactive for Input mode 282
- Chapter 12 273 287
- Peripheral Devices 287
- 274 Chapter 12 288
- Chapter 12 275 289
- Using Other Source Modules 290
- Chapter 12 277 291
- 13 Troubleshooting 293
- RF Output Power too Low 294
- SIGNAL GENERATOR 295
- OUTPUT CONTROL 295
- 284 Chapter 13 298
- Troubleshooting 298
- RF Output Power Problems 298
- Sweep Problems 300
- Data Storage Problems 301
- Cannot Turn Off Help Mode 302
- Signal Generator Locks Up 302
- Error Messages 303
- Error Message File 304
- Error Message Format 304
- Error Message Types 304
- Chapter 13 291 305
- Troubleshooting 305
- 292 Chapter 13 306
- 43, 44, 153 314
- binary use 259, 271 314
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