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Chapter 4 95
Calibration
Measurement Errors and their Characteristics
4. Calibration
Systematic Errors
Systematic errors are caused by imperfections in the measuring instrument and the test
setup (cables, connectors, fixtures, etc.). Assuming that these errors are repeatable (i.e.,
predictable) and their characteristics do not change over time, it is possible to eliminate
them mathematically at the time of measurement by determining the characteristics of
these errors through calibration. There are six types of systematic errors, as follows.
Errors caused by signal leaks in the measuring system:
• Directivity
• Isolation (cross-talk)
Errors caused by reflections in the measuring system:
•Source match
• Load match
Errors caused by the frequency response of the receiver within the measuring instrument:
• Reflection tracking
• Transmission tracking
The E5070B/E5071B has two receivers for each test port the reference receiver and the test
receiver (transmission measurement or reflection measurement). You can perform
measurements with both of these receivers at the same time. Figure 4-1 shows the
architecture of the test ports of the E5070B/E5071B and systematic errors.
Figure 4-1 E5070B/E5071B port architecture and systematic errors
- Safety Summary 2
- Safety notice supplement 5
- User’s Guide 7
- Manual Printing History 8
- Safety Symbols 10
- Certification 11
- Documentation Warranty 11
- Assistance 11
- Typeface Conventions 12
- Documentation Map 13
- VBA Macro 14
- Contents 15
- 1 Precautions 31
- Software Installed 32
- Before contacting us 33
- 28 Chapter 1 34
- Precautions 34
- 2 Overview of Functions 35
- 1. Standby Switch 37
- 2. LCD Screen 37
- 3. ACTIVE CH/TRACE Block 38
- 4. RESPONSE Block 39
- 5. STIMULUS Block 40
- 6. Floppy Disk Drive 40
- 7. NAVIGATION Block 41
- 8. ENTRY Block 42
- 9. INSTR STATE Block 43
- 10. MKR/ANALYSIS Block 44
- 11. Test Port 44
- 12. Front USB Port 45
- 13. Ground Terminal 45
- 1. Menu Bar 46
- 2. Data Entry Bar 46
- 3. Softkey Menu Bar 48
- 4. Instrument Status Bar 50
- 5. Channel Window 52
- Smoothing 54
- Equ Equation editor: ON 55
- Trigger Source - External) 61
- Option 1E5 only) 62
- 18. Mini-DIN Mouse Port 64
- 3. Setting Measurement 65
- Conditions 65
- Initializing Parameters 66
- Setting Channels and Traces 67
- Allocate Channels 68
- Setting trace display 70
- Allocate Traces 71
- Active channel 72
- Active trace 72
- 68 Chapter 3 74
- Setting the System Z0 75
- Setting Stimulus Conditions 76
- 72 Chapter 3 78
- CW Freq 79
- Setting power range manually 83
- Setting the number of points 84
- Setting the sweep time 84
- Sweep Time 85
- Definition of S-parameters 86
- Setting up S-parameters 86
- Selecting a Data Format 87
- Polar format 88
- Smith chart format 89
- Selecting a data format 90
- Setting the Scales 91
- Scale/Div 93
- Setting Window Displays 94
- Hiding Frequency Information 95
- Labeling a window 95
- Setting display colors 97
- 4Calibration 99
- Drift Errors 100
- Random Errors 100
- Systematic Errors 101
- Chapter 4 99 105
- Calibration 105
- 4. Calibration 105
- 100 Chapter 4 106
- Chapter 4 101 107
- Checking Calibration Status 108
- F is displayed 109
- Selecting Calibration Kit 111
- Cal Trig Source 112
- Softkey Function 112
- Selects “Internal.” 112
- Selects “System.” 112
- Procedure 113
- Enhanced Response Calibration 121
- Full 2-Port Calibration 124
- Full 3-Port Calibration 127
- Full 4-Port Calibration 130
- ECal (electronic calibration) 133
- Unknown Thru Calibration 136
- Operational procedure 138
- Cancel button 140
- Calibration Using 4-port ECal 141
- 3-Port ECal 142
- 4-Port ECal 142
- 2-port TRL calibration 143
- 3-port TRL calibration 146
- 4-port TRL calibration 150
- Simplified calibration 154
- 2-3 (Optional) 155
- TRL calibration 156
- Partial overwrite 157
- Transmission 158
- Operating procedure 162
- Adapter Characterization 166
- Load Project 168
- Open button 168
- Adapter Removal-Insertion 173
- About Adapter Insertion 175
- AUTO Adapter automatic 176
- User-characterized ECal 177
- Refresh (2 in 178
- OK (1 in 181
- 178 Chapter 4 184
- T standards 187
- Definitions of terms 188
- Redefining a calibration kit 191
- Sets the offset delay 192
- Sets the offset Z0 192
- Sets the offset loss 192
- • REFLECT(SHORT, Delay 0 ps) 194
- to 54ps 195
- to 13ps 195
- Ω/s] 2.36 G 2.2 G 0 0 0 200
- Ω/s] 0 0 0 2.51 G 200
- 0 0 0 0 204
- Ω]50505050 204
- Ω/s] 0.7 G 0.7 G 0.7 G 0.7 G 204
- 200 Chapter 4 206
- 66.734 p 66.734 p 0 0 207
- Ω/s] 0.63 G 0.63 G 0 0 207
- Open Open 3G 1 GHz - 3 GHz 208
- Open Open 6G 3 GHz - 6 GHz 208
- Done is 212
- Power Calibration 214
- Misc Setup 216
- GPIB Setup 216
- Power Meter Address 216
- Open button to recall the 220
- Setting loss compensation 221
- Measuring calibration data 224
- Abort during measurement 225
- Receiver Calibration 226
- Select Port 227
- Source Port 227
- Vector-Mixer Calibration 229
- Measured mixer 230
- Load & Project 232
- Open button 232
- Scalar-Mixer Calibration 239
- Confirming calibration status 240
- Frequency 241
- 5 Making Measurements 247
- Sweep Order in Each Channel 248
- Trigger Source 249
- Trigger Modes 249
- Setting the Point Trigger 251
- Low Latency 252
- Ext Trig Delay 253
- Avg Trigger 255
- Procedure to set the range 256
- 6 Data Analysis 257
- About marker functions 258
- Reading values on the trace 259
- Discrete ON) 263
- Discrete OFF) 263
- Coupling ON) 264
- Coupling OFF) 264
- Aligning maker value displays 267
- Active Only OFF) 268
- Active Only ON) 268
- Setting search range 269
- Search Range 270
- Searching for the peak 274
- Executing a Bandwidth Search 276
- Executing a notch Search 279
- Displaying Statistics Data 280
- 276 Chapter 6 282
- Data Analysis 282
- Conversion 284
- Function 284
- Using the Equation Editor 285
- Entering the equation label 287
- 282 Chapter 6 288
- 7 Fixture Simulator 289
- Overview of Fixture Simulator 290
- De-embedding 293
- Converting the Port Impedance 294
- User File 295
- 4-port Network 298
- Operational Procedure 299
- Embed Selects embedding 300
- De-Embed Selects de-embedding 300
- Measurement 319
- Overview 320
- Measurement of Mixers 321
- Step 3. Press 322
- 3. Avoid Spurious Function 328
- 4. Changing Frequency Data 329
- Measurement flow 334
- 3 GHz 1 MHz 5 338
- 9. Analysis in Time Domain 339
- (Option 010) 339
- Transformation to time domain 342
- Selecting a type 343
- Setting the window 345
- Setting display range 351
- Measurement Flow 353
- Setting gate type 353
- Setting gate shape 354
- Setting gate range 355
- −6 dB attenuation 355
- Enabling gating function 356
- Identifying mismatch type 358
- 10 Data Output 359
- Table 10-1 Stored data 360
- Save procedure 362
- Save State 363
- State01 - State08 or Autorec 363
- Recall Procedure 365
- Saving Trace Data to a File 368
- Table 10-2 Header of s1p 369
- Table 10-3 Header of s4p 370
- Saving procedure 372
- Organizing Files and Folders 375
- To Move a File or Folder 376
- To Delete a File or Folder 376
- To Rename a File or Folder 376
- To Format a Floppy Disk 376
- Printing Displayed Screen 377
- Printed/saved images 378
- Print Procedure 378
- Print to start printing 380
- Abort Printing 380
- 11 Limit Test 381
- Limit Test 382
- Defining the limit line 384
- Begin Stimulus 385
- End Stimulus 385
- Begin Response 385
- End Response 385
- Turning the limit test ON/OFF 388
- Limit line offset 389
- Initializing the limit table 390
- Ripple Test 391
- Configuring ripple limit 393
- Open to recall the 396
- Bandwidth Test 398
- Bandwidth Limit 399
- Set up bandwidth test 400
- 12 Optimizing Measurements 401
- Expanding the Dynamic Range 402
- Reducing Trace Noise 404
- Smo Aperture 405
- Electrical Delay 406
- Phase offset 408
- Setting port extensions 409
- Port Extensions 412
- Auto Port Extension 412
- Active Marker 413
- ON Calculates a loss value 414
- Environments 417
- Using Fast Sweep Modes 418
- Service Menu 422
- Concept of Segment Sweep 423
- IF Bandwidth) is set 424
- Power) is set 424
- Sweep Mode) is set 424
- 420 Chapter 12 426
- Optimizing Measurements 426
- 426 Chapter 12 432
- Management Functions 433
- Setting the GPIB 434
- GPIB0 hpib7 (1 in 436
- OK button (2 in Figure 13-2) 436
- OK button (3 in Figure 13-3) 436
- Setting the Internal Clock 439
- Setting the Mouse 441
- Buttons configuration area 442
- Double-click speed area 442
- Pointers tab (Figure 13-10) 442
- Configuring the Network 444
- Setting IP address 445
- Specifying computer name 447
- OK button 448
- Yes button to 448
- Remote Control Using HTTP 449
- Explorer 450
- Properties in the File menu 450
- Sharing tab 451
- Explorer 453
- Table 13-1 454
- Setting the Warning Beeper 455
- Checking the serial number 457
- OK to close the dialog box 458
- Setting the preset function 459
- System Recovery 461
- Test Menu 480
- Adjust Touch Screen 480
- Table 13-4 481
- 14 Controlling E5091A 483
- Required devices 484
- Powering on 485
- Setting the E5091A 486
- Selecting the E5091A Model 487
- Assigning test ports 487
- A1, T1, T2, or T3 488
- Setting control line 490
- Enabling control of E5091A 491
- Performing Measurement 493
- Connecting Two E5091As 494
- 15 Measurement Examples 495
- Evaluation Steps 496
- Edit Segment Table 498
- List IFBW (turn it ON) 498
- Chapter 15 493 499
- Measurement Examples 499
- 15. Measurement Examples 499
- 4. Execute the Calibration 500
- 5. Connect the DUT 501
- 6. Execute the Measurement 501
- 496 Chapter 15 502
- Evaluating a Duplexer 503
- 7. Execute the Measurement 508
- 9. Analyze the Parameters 509
- 11. Execute the Limit Test 512
- Limit Line (Turn it ON) 513
- Limit Test (Turn it ON) 513
- Single (or Continuous) 513
- Activating Trace 2 514
- (The display of Trace 2 is 514
- 1. Connect the DUT 515
- 3. Execute the Calibration 516
- Entering the electrical delay 517
- (Flattening a trace) 517
- Auto Scale 518
- Statistics (Turn it ON.) 518
- 1. Connecting the DUT 520
- 3. Performing Calibration 522
- Table 15-7 523
- Fixture Simulator 526
- Port 2 Z0 526
- Port 3 Z0 526
- 8. Adding a Matching Circuit 527
- 2. Executing Calibration 528
- 3. Connecting the DUT 529
- 4. Auto Scale 529
- 3. Setting the Test Ports 532
- 4. Setting Control Line 533
- 5. Setting Sweep Conditions 533
- 8. Executing Calibration 534
- Switch the active channel 535
- 9. Connecting DUT 536
- 10. Executing Measurement 537
- 532 Chapter 15 538
- Executing Power Calibration 539
- 3. Setting Stimulus Condition 540
- 6. Connecting Power Sensor 541
- 7. Measuring Calibration Data 541
- 536 Chapter 15 542
- Information 543
- Definitions 544
- Corrected System Performance 545
- Calibration Kit 546
- Electronic Calibration Module 547
- 544 Chapter 16 550
- Test Port Output (Source) 551
- 546 Chapter 16 552
- Test Port Input 553
- 548 Chapter 16 554
- Chapter 16 549 555
- 16. Specifications and 555
- Supplemental Information 555
- 550 Chapter 16 556
- General Information 557
- 552 Chapter 16 558
- Chapter 16 553 559
- 554 Chapter 16 560
- 556 Chapter 16 562
- 558 Chapter 16 564
- Chapter 16 559 565
- Table 16-23 Cycle Time (ms) 566
- Chapter 16 561 567
- Measurement capabilities 568
- Source control 569
- Trace functions 569
- Data accuracy enhancement 570
- System capabilities 571
- Automation 572
- 17 Measurement Accessories 573
- Test Port Cables 574
- Calibration Kits 575
- Adaptors 583
- System Accessories 584
- 18 Information on Maintenance 585
- Backing Up the Data 586
- Removing Removable Hard Disk 587
- Mounting Removable Hard Disk 587
- 582 Chapter 18 588
- Information on Maintenance 588
- Hard Disk 589
- Cleaning this Instrument 590
- Regular Calibration, etc 592
- A Manual Changes 593
- Manual Changes 594
- Change 15 595
- Change 14 595
- Change 13 595
- Change 12 595
- Load & Run 596
- Change11 605
- Save button 607
- 602 Appendix A 608
- Change 10 609
- Change 9 610
- Change 8 611
- Change 7 611
- Change 6 612
- Change 5 612
- Appendix A 607 613
- A. Manual Changes 613
- 608 Appendix A 614
- Change 4 615
- Change 3 615
- Change 2 615
- Change 1 615
- 610 Appendix A 616
- B Troubleshooting 617
- Troubleshooting 618
- Error Messages 623
- enabled (SENS:OFFS ON) 626
- 24 Frequency offset enabled 626
- is enabled (SENS:OFFS ON) 626
- 50 Specified channel hidden 632
- Warning Message 636
- 632 Appendix B 638
- C List of Default Values 639
- Settings 640
- 0.0000 °←←√ K/C 641
- 636 Appendix C 642
- List of Default Values 642
- Appendix C 637 643
- C. List of Default Values 643
- 638 Appendix C 644
- Frequency Offset 645
- 0.0000 Hz ←←√ K/C 645
- External Source 646
- Appendix C 641 647
- 642 Appendix C 648
- Appendix C 643 649
- Stimulus Offset 650
- 0Hz ←←√ K/C 650
- Appendix C 645 651
- 646 Appendix C 652
- Appendix C 647 653
- 648 Appendix C 654
- D Softkey Functions 655
- E5070B/E5071B Menu (Top Menu) 656
- Analysis Menu 657
- 652 Appendix D 658
- Softkey Functions 658
- Appendix D 653 659
- D. Softkey Functions 659
- 654 Appendix D 660
- Appendix D 655 661
- 656 Appendix D 662
- Appendix D 657 663
- 658 Appendix D 664
- Appendix D 659 665
- 660 Appendix D 666
- Appendix D 661 667
- 662 Appendix D 668
- Sets the stimulus offsets 669
- Sets the amplitude offsets 669
- Marker -> 670
- :CALC{1-16}:LIM:OFFS:MARK 670
- Appendix D 665 671
- Average Menu 672
- Calibration Menu 673
- 668 Appendix D 674
- Appendix D 669 675
- 670 Appendix D 676
- Appendix D 671 677
- 672 Appendix D 678
- Appendix D 673 679
- 674 Appendix D 680
- Appendix D 675 681
- 676 Appendix D 682
- Appendix D 677 683
- 678 Appendix D 684
- Appendix D 679 685
- 680 Appendix D 686
- Appendix D 681 687
- 682 Appendix D 688
- Appendix D 683 689
- 684 Appendix D 690
- Appendix D 685 691
- 686 Appendix D 692
- Appendix D 687 693
- 688 Appendix D 694
- Appendix D 689 695
- 690 Appendix D 696
- Appendix D 691 697
- Display Menu 698
- Appendix D 693 699
- 694 Appendix D 700
- Appendix D 695 701
- Format Menu 702
- Macro Setup Menu 703
- 698 Appendix D 704
- Marker Menu 705
- :CALC{1-16}:MARK{1-10}:REF 706
- Marker Function Menu 707
- Marker Search Menu 708
- Appendix D 703 709
- 704 Appendix D 710
- Measurement Menu 711
- 706 Appendix D 712
- Appendix D 707 713
- 708 Appendix D 714
- Appendix D 709 715
- 710 Appendix D 716
- Appendix D 711 717
- :SYST:PRES 718
- Save/Recall Menu 719
- 714 Appendix D 720
- Appendix D 715 721
- 716 Appendix D 722
- Scale Menu 723
- Stimulus Menu 724
- Sweep Setup Menu 725
- Multiplier 726
- Appendix D 721 727
- System Menu 728
- Appendix D 723 729
- 724 Appendix D 730
- Appendix D 725 731
- 726 Appendix D 732
- Appendix D 727 733
- 728 Appendix D 734
- Trigger Menu 735
- 730 Appendix D 736
- Appendix D 731 737
- 732 Appendix D 738
- E. General Principles of 739
- Operation 739
- System Description 740
- Source Switcher 741
- Signal Separator 741
- Receiver 741
- Data Processing 742
- 740 Appendix E 746
- E5070B/E5071B 747
- Channel and Trace Concepts 748
- Measurement Parameters 748
- Test Port Output Ranges 748
- Sweep Function 749
- Trigger System 751
- Data Flow 752
- Reading/Writing Data 753
- Device Test Functions 754
- Analytical Functions 755
- Comparing Functions 757
- KHZ, 7 KHZ, 10 KHZ, 15 KHZ 758
- KHZ, 30 KHZ, 40 KHZ, 50 KHZ 758
- KHZ, 100 kHz 758
- Appendix F 753 759
- F. Replacing the 8753ES 759
- 754 Appendix F 760
- Offset loss 761
- Frequency range 761
- 756 Appendix F 762
- Definable Not definable 763
- 758 Appendix F 764
- Appendix F 759 765
- 760 Appendix F 766
- Index 761 767
- 762 Index 768
- Frequency Range 769
- Front Keys 769
- Amplitude Offset, 383 770
- Limit table 770
- Data Processing, 738 771
- Point Trigger 771
- 766 Index 772
- Index 767 773
- 768 Index 774
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